How Does Miller Build Up The Dramatic Tension In Act 2 Essay Example

How Does Miller Build Up The Dramatic Tension In Act 2? Essay Act two is an Act of many different emotions. It has a very rocky start, which leads to bad news and a build up of anxiety. The tension varies throughout, from dinner at the start and Marys intervention as well as Elizabeth going to court at the end. At the start of Act Two there is an awkward tension between Proctor and Elizabeth, which carries throughout the Act. The tension is shown from the start. The two of them share short, sharp sentences. Proctor says of the meal, It is well seasoned. He is lying because it says in the introduction to the Act that he adds salt to the pot himself without her knowing. This combines with everything else, i. e. the quietness, the fact that they cant have a proper conversation between the two of them and the general unease. This suggests that there is secrecy between them, which we know to be Abigail, and that they are both unhappy being together. Arthur Miller is giving clues to the audience that the two are far apart as if they have a chasm between them. The catalyst to make them argue is I thought you had gone to Salem this afternoon. This is important because of the business with Abigail and Mary being there today because of the court. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Miller Build Up The Dramatic Tension In Act 2? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Miller Build Up The Dramatic Tension In Act 2? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Miller Build Up The Dramatic Tension In Act 2? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Elizabeth provokes Proctor by bringing up Abigail in this argument. As tension is already ruling this scene, it is not a good idea of Elizabeths to talk of her. However this does show that Elizabeth could be the stronger of the two as she was the first to speak of Abigail. Other evidence of this is moments later Proctor is wide-eyed and trying to put off this argument as he is thinking beyond going to Salem but realises he is going to have to give in. He is being cornered in his own home and Miller knows the audience respond to this. The audience do so by feeling for the first time that Proctor is weaker than someone else. This is the proven later in the Act when he feels weaker than everyone, once he loses Elizabeth. When Mary arrives on the scene, the audience is immediately struck with a different air about her. Rather than being the one who feels to the audience as a lost and scared character, (a subservient little girl), she comes in fairly confident although this diminishes after a while. She gives Elizabeth a poppet as an apology. This is found odd by Elizabeth perplexed, looking at the doll and the audience find this odd to but the poppet will become a big feature later on in the Act. As Mary tells them about Goody Osburn she senses the danger but hides it under her authority. She is edging off-stage when tells them about being an official of the court. This shows that Mary is nervous or perhaps regretting telling Proctor this. Proctor reacts angrily but she stills strives for her authority to just before the whip comes cracking down. Mary arriving causes a different argument between them but this is a very different argument, somewhat more sinister or more involved. Elizabeth urges Proctor to speak to Abigail but Proctor has a feeling dragging him back- his soul hardening as he senses Miller sort of uses religious language in this quote and that is ironic as it will be of significance later on. Elizabeth has the last laugh by giving him an ultimatum and a bitter end to the argument by saying She has an arrow in you yet John Proctor and you know it well. This gives the audience a hope that Proctor will speak to Abigail but Hale appearing at just the wrong time dashes these hopes.

, we have approached the Technological Revolution. Essays

, we have approached the Technological Revolution. Essays , we have approached the Technological Revolution. This high-tech revolution has brought with it many changes that will inevitably effect every world citizen. It is not quite clear at this time exactly what these changes will be and what resulting effects they will have upon society, but by studying the previous, or Industrial, revolution, it is possible to make predictions about the sweeping changes that the Technological Revolution will bring with it. During the Industrial Revolution in turn of the century America, one of the most prominent trends throughout the country was the relocating of independent artisans and farmers to large industrialized cities in hopes of finding work. As the next revolution approaches, the exact opposite effect will take place. The population that relocates out of large cities will most likely move into suburbs of the cities they have just left, because, even though they do not need to live very near to their place of employment, it is still more convenient to be located somewhere near it. This is mainly due to the improved transportation and communication that the Technological Revolution is bringing with it. It is no longer required for workers to live near their place of work because of the automotive vehicles we have in America, and our communication systems which allow employers to contact their employees quickly and over great distances. The most common type of work available during the Industrial Revolution was manual labor factory jobs. In the third wave of history, the careers that will be most popular among American citizens will be ones which involve the processing and distributing of information. Due to the type of labor most utilized in the Industrial Revolution, the most valued worker was one who was physically strong and was able to work over long periods of time. In the Technological Revolution, the most valued workers will be those....

Specific Teaching Methods - Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Specific Teaching Methods - Reading - Essay Example Partner reading may involve utilizing one peer of a higher ability grouping than another. However, the students can be of the same reading level and still obtain great benefit to this reading strategy. The quality of the feedback given through partner reading provides the students with the opportunity to improve the quality of their reading. Not only do students get the chance to practice reading aloud, they also get the added benefit of listening to the reading of another individual. Therefore, if the partner is of a higher ability then the less fluent reader would have a model from which to follow. The student with less ability then can critique the higher ability student and state where improvement is needed based on a given fluent reading criteria. A third strategy to build reading fluency in students is sustained silent reading (SSR). Sustained silent reading (SSR) refers to the reading of material for an uninterrupted period of time without reading aloud. Thus, one is required to read in one’s mind. The teacher may establish a specific time during the school day for all students and teacher to participate in this activity. Researchers have concluded that SSR with guidance and feedback assists students in reading fluently and consequently in their comprehension skills. SSR allows the student to obtain practice in reading material that is appropriate for the student’s reading level thereby improving the confidence and desire for the student to read. Another strategy that boosts students’ confidence is the reader’s theatre. For the reader’s theatre understanding of the text rather than simply recall of the words is important. Advocates of this strategy assert that students should be given a copy of the text. The teacher should read the text aloud then allow students to read the material several times through echo reading or choral reading. Finally, the teacher

Global Warming is real Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Warming is real - Research Paper Example The resulting rise in sea level is causing tsunamis to occur and has also endangered the survival of many animal species on earth. The question that has, in recent years, attracted the attention of scientists all over the world is, if the global warming is on a rise, and if so, to what extent are humans responsible for that? As fossil fuels burn, the carbon they contain gets converted into a greenhouse gas, known as carbon dioxide (CO2). Such greenhouse gases as methane (CH4) and CO2 entrap the sun’s energy into the atmosphere. There has recently been a tremendous emphasis on reduction of the fossil fuels use as they are thought to be the most fundamental cause of increase in global warming. In this paper, the question noted above has been answered with support of scientific studies to show that global warming is a real issue. According to the meteorites’ radioactive dating, it has been 4.6 billion years since the solar system of which earth forms a part has been found. Examination of the minerals preserved in earth and the scientific study of rocks has shown that earth has contained liquid water for 4.3 billion years (Watson and Harrison). Since then, climate of earth has largely remained stable, with occasional freezing in certain areas that have always remained as such. It is the massive increase in the energy drawn from sun that has caused a tremendous increase in the earth’s temperature. According to an estimate, there has been a 30 per cent increase in the energy output on earth from sun since the start of the solar system (Gough). Part of the energy drawn from the sun is reflected and some is retained. Some portion of the energy that gets absorbed in earth radiates back and escapes into the space. It is the energy absorbed minus energy radiated that decides the temperature of earth. Composition of the earth’s atmosphere also plays a decisive role in the increase of temperature. 99 per cent of the gases that atmosphere contains like oxygen and nitrogen are transparent towards the energy drawn from sun. Other gases like CO2 and water vapors tend to reduce the process of radiation of the energy from earth to the space. Therefore, increase in the level of these gases obviously increases the temperature of earth and contributes to the global warming. Of the two gases, it is the CO2 that concerns scientists the most because the water vapors in atmosphere remain constant in amount as compared to the CO2. Now, if the CO2 level in the atmosphere is increasing, global warming is then indeed, a real issue! The biggest source of CO2 is the fossil fuels. In addition to that, decomposition of materials and burning of wood also causes a considerable increase in the content of CO2 in the atmosphere. The rapid industrialization that has occurred in the recent centuries has caused a manifold increase in the CO2 level in the atmosphere. The reason why the resulting increase in the earth’s temperature is an issue is that this directly affects the ecosystem prevailing on earth. If the CO2 level continues to increase at the present rate, earth will soon become inhabitable for almost all species including humans, and life on earth will extinguish. The following text examines what recent studies have said about the CO2 levels in the atmosphere. (Deem) has shown the rate of annual increase in the C

Real Estate Investments Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Real Estate Investments - Thesis Example What makes any investment funds popular Investment funds invariably have the potential of yielding fast, good returns. Real estate is invariably influenced by socio-economic growth and reforms. They are more flexible in terms of liquidity and lock in periods. A vigilant, prudent investor stands good chance of seeing his money grow many times over within a very short span of time. (Shravan Gupta) Regulated and unregulated open-ended investment funds exist in wide range and encompass an incredible array of products and service giving it a clear edge over investments in other industries. Besides residence and commercial purposes, globalization has added a greater dimension to real estate business making local properties available to any prospective buyer from anywhere in the world. Also, real estate is one of the basic needs for every individual and corporation. Hospitality, retail, leased properties, warehouses, restaurants, groceries, etc. depend on real estate to reside, carry out business functions, productions and trade. The demand for land and buildings increases with the growth of socio-economical standards, better infrastructure and stable governance. Development and redevelopment of properties are always taking place and builders are quick to scoop on plum projects ever sprouting ubiquitously at unlikeliest locations with surprising regularity. Realtors have their eyes trained on the virtually inexhaustible and lucrative properties development and redevelopment needs and know for certain for every unit of development there is a buyer waiting somewhere. In the process, it is win-win situation for all concerned except the skeptical, adamant and nostalgic resident ready to battle for status quo. In the circumstances, the cash flow is not only steady and but also shows remarkable rising trend. In deserving cases the government too steps in with tax benefits making the returns all the more attractive. Managers of investment funds ensure higher returns by spreading their finance across many projects. This insulates them against loss suffered by some projects where they have invested funds. This is a healthy strategy and serves as a bulwark especially when the industry is passing through a tough phase. (Assetz Funds Management) Except for insistence on some statutory or auditory recognition by way of normal precautions with unregulated investment funds, the investor can invest his funds with well established, reputed real estate companies. The possibilities of excellent returns exist and are not far-fetched. (Vineet K Vohra) Investors park their funds in schemes where they are assured of good returns within a fairly short period of time, and where they are comfortable in the knowledge that their money is in safe hands. Investments in real estate funds are made in the expectations of quick returns. Most of these investors are well informed in the affairs of the housing and accommodation industry, and in the current situation becoming global in their involvement and perspectives. (Unregulated Funds give Jersey a vision for the future) Equities of Real Estate Companies There are reputed, well-established

Importance Of Semiotics In A Film Film Studies Essay

Importance Of Semiotics In A Film Film Studies Essay Semiotics in film is always an important and perplexing element in any picture. It is the    signification and communication of signs and symbols to develop a plot and define certain events that happen within the plot.    Popular Films such as The Sixth Sense and The Matrix have unbelievable amount of reference to aspects previously mentioned. The film The Sixth Sense uses great color and different shots to represent and imply meaning and patterns in the story. Where as The Matrix    is referenced more toward the Bible in this analysis and uses much religious references and color to develop its story and meaning.   In the supernatural thriller The Sixth Sense made by M. Night Shyamalan, extreme symbolism is used to mystify and personify the feeling of fright to the viewer.    Each symbol in the picture is an important contribution to the film. In this film, and eight year old boy named Cole is haunted by a gift of seeing ghosts.    Cole is terrified by visitations from these ghosts that want him to help them resolve things left undone in their previous lives.    Cole, with no one left to turn to, goes to a psychologist named Dr. Malcolm Crowe that helps him though out the movie deal with his haunting gift. One important symbol in this film is shadows and reflections.    Shadows since the beginning of time have been known to symbolize spirits.    At various points in the film, the camera reverts to shots of shadows that signify the presence of spirits around Cole. Doors and windows are also extremely important in this film.    Dr. Malcolm comes across many locked doors throughout the film.    Doors are said to signify entrance into other dimensions and realities.    Dr.    Malcolms encounters with locked doors are a way of clueing the audience in on his severed connection with the real world.    At one point in the film Dr. Malcolm is looking through a glass window at his wife with another man.    The glass is used to help signify the strain in Malcolm and his wifes relationship. The church, religious figurines and plastic toy soldiers are all also significant symbols in the film.    Cole searches for a place of peace to hide from the ghosts, and Malcolm directs him to the church.    Religious figurines such as figures of Jesus and various saints are focused on which all remind the viewer of death. The cold temperature also signifies the coming of sprits.    In each scene the temperature drops, and the characters breath is able to be seen when a ghost is going to approach Cole.    Possibly the most reoccurring and important symbol through this film is use of the color red.    I have heard various interpretations of red as a symbol in this film.    In probably the most semiotic filled scene, Cole is traveling up a spiral staircase following a red balloon.    In the shot, you can see Coles shadow on the wall of the staircase which we already have established as a symbol of relevant spirits.    The spiral staircase is said to symbolize the journey into the afterlife, while the red balloon is supposed to symbolize a spirit as well.    Another source of red in the film is the box that a dead girl gives to Cole to deliver to her family that has a video tape in it bound in a red ribbon.    We later find out that the video is a tape of her step mother poisoning her and when he delivers it to the family the murderer is dressed in what else but a bright red suit.    Coles safe place, the tent he built, is also red and also surrounded by figurines.    When Cole confides in his mother to tell his secret to, she is also dressed in a red sweater which suggests that she is now Coles safe haven.    Also, the church that I have previously spoken about has red doors, and the door knob of the basement that Malcolm is locked out of is red.   Ã‚   A totally different but interesting take on the use of the color red in the film is that in the Catholic religion red is worn on Pentecost.    Pentecost is said to be the birth of the church, and a time when Jesus could communicate and pass on his faith with the disciples.    Every time there seems to be an important conversation in the movie someone is either wearing red or surrounded by red which could signify important communication as Pentecost does to Catholics.    Another movie that holds great semiotic symbolism as The Sixth Sense is The Matrix.   There are several signs and symbols that occur during the movie that have references to Christianity. An important scene is where Neo is given a choice between two pills: one blue, which would enable him to wake up safe in his bed but never learn the truth about the Matrix; the other red, which would allow him to see how deep the rabbit-hole goes. Here the color red could be used to symbolize action. The pill is used to rescue him from the Matrix representing him being saved from the world. Another example is the name Trinity who is one of the main characters. This can be considered as a symbol for the Holy Trinity. The name of Morpheus ship is the Nebuchadnezzar. This is a reference to King Nebuchadnezzar mentioned in the book of Daniel in the Bible. In The Matrix, Zion is the underground home of the free humans. Zion is used as a generalized metaphor for a mythical city which could be considered to be the last hope for humanity. It receives mention in the Bible in the book of Revel ations. Zion is often used metaphorically, to symbolize Jerusalem and the Promised Land to come, in which God dwells among his chosen people. Neo is The One. The Oracle has prophesied that The One would hail the destruction of the Matrix, end the war and bring freedom to the people. In short, he is the saviour of the human race. This can be compared to the story of Christ. He was the Saviour who had been prophesied about and would bring about the freedom of mankind. Neo is an icon as he represents the saviour.Christ was betrayed by one of his own disciples, Judas Iscariot. In the film, the role of the betrayer is represented by Cypher. Towards the end of the movie, Neo is killed and comes back to life. This represents the Death and the Resurrection of Christ.    Aside from the religious views of the film there is reference to a childrens story. There are several references to Alice in wonderland by Lewis Carroll. When Morpheus first contacts Neo, he tells him to follow the White Rabbit. According to Lewis Carrolls book, Alice stumbles into Wonderland because she follows a White Rabbit. When Neo and Morpheus finally meet, Morpheus says I imagine that right now, youre feeling a bit like Alice. Hmm? Tumbling down the rabbit hole? He then gives him a choice between two pills one blue, which would enable him to wake up safe in his bed but never learn the truth about the Matrix; the other red, which would allow him to see how deep the rabbit-hole goes. Here again is a reference to Alice in Wonderland. Alice falls down the rabbit-hole into wonderland. It is important to note that Alices entire adventure is just a dream. This could have significance in the fact that Neo is right now trapped in a dream from which he has to awaken. The Matrix is not limited to just one philosophical issue alone. There are numerous issues and concep ts that can be drawn from the Matrix, including the purpose of life, the existence of a self and personal identity, and the question of the meaning of life    Film makers like M. Night Shyamalan and Andy and Larry Wachowski have made it thrilling to go back to the movies again when it comes to looking for symbolism and meaning in movies. As one watches movies over and over again, some may find that they missed things in the movie they hadnt noticed before. It is sometimes exciting and fulfilling to find and notice things you never knew were symbols later on.    Signifiers and symbols can make a film so much more interesting to watch and figure out, and thats precisely the function they hold in these movies.    Without the sensational symbolism, either film would not hold half the brilliance and genius that they have.    Semiotics is so obviously significant to the making of films.   The major fault in semiotic analysis is its complete dependence on societies pre-existing shared knowledge. The media relies on the fact that its viewers already know current background information on their topic of choice. Without this pre defined knowledge, signs and their signifiers mean nothing and are obsolete. However that doesnt mean one cannot pick up on these signs, it would just be a bit more difficult than it would for a person who has previous knowledge of how and what the creator is using. Semiotics can be used for any type of medium to produce a meaning.    It is not limited to just films for which this essay has used but, for radio, television, written text, and illustrated pictures along with text, such as comics. All have semiotics and all have its advantages to display meaning and use symbols best fit for the form.

The 1819 Manchester Massacre and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Masque of Anarc

The 1819 Manchester Massacre and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Masque of Anarchy Sometimes a person is beyond all reach of society. Percy Bysshe Shelley was in Italy on August 16, 1819, during an event which shook his native England. The next month, word reached Italy, and upon receiving word of the protest gone awry, he immediately started work on a poem, and finished it before the end of the month (White 105). It became â€Å"The Masque of Anarchy.† Written in light of the 1819 Manchester Massacre, it demonstrates Shelley’s political stance, in that he detested the British government yet was terrified of the chaos and violence of a revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Manchester Massacre, also called the Peterloo Massacre due to the name of the specific location--St. Peter’s Field--as well as its temporal proximity to the battle of Waterloo, took place on the field in the city, and featured such noted speakers of the day as Richard Carlile, John Cartwright, and Henry Hunt, all known for their contrarian views of the government (Bloy). The people there had gathered--fifty to sixty thousand outside of the city of only two hundred thousand, a fourth of the normal population--to protest, among other things, misrepresentation in Parliament (Manchester and other new industrial cities didn’t have any parliamentary representation, but much, much smaller townships did). However, such a large gathering, peaceful or not, would and did arouse the suspicions of the government, especially a bloated and corrupt government like England’s in the early nineteenth century. The English government, fearful of a violent uprising, took the first strike and sent more than sixteen hundred troops: cavalry, infantry, artillery, and even dispatched the local yeomanry and co... ... but also refreshes and soothes the mind from its radical feelings. Sources Cited: Bloy, Marjie. â€Å"The Peterloo Massacre, 16 August 1819.† A Web of English History. 18 Aug. 2001. 9 May 2002 . Cameron, Kenneth Neill. Shelley: The Golden Years. Cambridge: Harvard, 1974. â€Å"Map of Peterloo.† Peterloo. 29 Dec. 2000. 9 May 2002 . â€Å"Peterloo Massacre.† Peterloo. 29 Dec. 2000. 9 May 2002 . Noyes, Russell. â€Å"Percy Bysshe Shelley.† English Romantic Poetry and Prose. New York: Oxford, 1967. 954-965. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. â€Å"The Mask of Anarchy.† English Romantic Poetry and Prose. Ed. Russell Noyes. New York: Oxford, 1967. 1052-1057. White, Newman Ivey. Shelley. Vol. 2. New York: Octagon, 1972.

Agroforestry Research Essay

Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.[1] A narrow definition of agroforestry is â€Å"trees on farms.† As a science The theoretical base for agroforestry comes from ecology, via agroecology.[3] From this perspective, agroforestry is one of the three principal land-use sciences. The other two are agriculture and forestry.[4] The efficiency of photosynthesis drops off with increasing light intensity, and the rate of photosynthesis hardly increases once the light intensity is over about one tenth that of direct overhead sun. This means that plants under trees can still grow well even though they get less light. By having more than one level of vegetation, it is possible to get more photosynthesis than with a single layer. Agroforestry has a lot in common with intercropping. Both have two or more plant species (such as nitrogen-fixing plants) in close interaction, both provide multiple outputs, as a consequence, higher overall yields and, because a single application or input is shared, costs are reduced. Beyond these, there are gains specific to agroforestry. Benefits Further information: Ecoscaping Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods. They can offer increased productivity, economic benefits, and more diversity in the ecological goods and services provided.[5] Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. With two or more interacting plant species in a given land area, it creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Depending upon the application, potential impacts of agroforestry can include: †¢Reducing poverty through increased production of wood and other tree products for home consumption and sale †¢Contributing to food security by restoring the soil fertility for food crops †¢Cleaner water through reduced nutrient and soil runoff †¢Countering global warming and the risk of hunger by increasing the number of drought-resistant trees and the subsequent production of fruits, nuts and edible oils †¢Reducing deforestation and pressure on woodlands by providing farm-grown fuelwood †¢Reducing or eliminating the need for toxic chemicals (insecticides, herbicides, etc.) †¢Through more diverse farm outputs, improved human nutrition †¢In situations where people have limited access to mainstream medicines, providing growing space for medicinal plants Agroforestry practices may also realize a number of other associated environmental goals, such as: †¢Carbon sequestration †¢Odour, dust, and noise reduction †¢Green space and visual aesthetics †¢Enhancement or maintenance of wildlife habitat Adaptation to Climate Change There is some evidence that, especially in recent years, poor smallholder farmers are turning to agroforestry as a mean to adapt to the impacts of climate change. A study from the CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) found from a survey of over 700 households in East Africa that at least 50% of those households had begun planting trees on their farms in a change from their practices 10 years ago.[6] The trees ameliorate the effects of climate change by helping to stabilize erosion, improving water and soil quality and providing yields of fruit, tea, coffee, oil, fodder and medicinal products in addition to their usual harvest. Agroforestry was one of the most widely adopted adaptation strategies in the study, along with the use of improved crop varieties and intercropping.[6] Applications Agroforestry represents a wide diversity in application and in practice. One listing includes over 40 distinct uses.[3] The 40 or so applications can be roughly classified under a few broad headings. There are visual similarities between practices in different categories. This is expected as categorization is based around the problems addressed (countering winds, high rainfall, harmful insects, etc.) and the overall economic constraints and objectives (labor and other inputs costs, yield requirements, etc.). The categories include : †¢Parklands †¢Shade systems †¢Crop-over-tree systems †¢Alley cropping †¢Strip cropping †¢Fauna-based systems †¢Boundary systems †¢Taungyas †¢Physical support systems †¢Agroforests. Parkland Parklands are visually defined by the presence of trees widely scattered over a large agricultural plot or pasture. The trees are usually of a single species with clear regional favorites. Among the benefits, the trees offer shade to grazing animals, protect crops against strong wind bursts, provide tree prunings for firewood, and are a roost for insect or rodent-eating birds. There are other gains. Research with Faidherbia albida in Zambia showed that mature trees can sustain maize yields of 4.1 tonnes per hectare compared to 1.3 tonnes per hectare without these trees. Unlike other trees, Faidherbia sheds its nitrogen-rich leaves during the rainy crop growing season so it does not compete with the crop for light, nutrients and water. The leaves then regrow during the dry season and provide land cover and shade for crops.[7] Shade systems With shade applications, crops are purposely raised under tree canopies and within the resulting shady environment. For most uses, the understory crops are shade tolerant or the overstory trees have fairly open canopies. A conspicuous example is shade-grown coffee. This practice reduces weeding costs and increases the quality and taste of the coffee.[8][9] Crop-over-tree systems Not commonly encountered, crop-over-tree systems employ woody perennials in the role of a cover crop. For this, small shrubs or trees pruned to near ground level are utilized. The purpose, as with any cover crop, is to increase in-soil nutrients and/or to reduce soil erosion. Alley cropping With alley cropping, crop strips alternate with rows of closely spaced tree or hedge species. Normally, the trees are pruned before planting the crop. The cut leafy material is spread over the crop area to provide nutrients for the crop. In addition to nutrients, the hedges serve as windbreaks and eliminate soil erosion. Alley cropping has been shown to be advantagous in Africa, particularly in relation to improving maize yields in the sub-Saharan region. Use here relies upon the nitrogen fixing tree species Sesbania sesban, Tephrosia vogelii, Gliricidia sepium and Faidherbia albida. In one example, a ten-year experiment in Malawi showed that, by using fertilizer trees such as Tephrosia vogelii and Gliricidia sepium, maize yields averaged 3.7 tonnes per hectare as compared to one tonne per hectare in plots without fertilizer trees or mineral fertilizer.[10] Strip cropping Strip cropping is similar to alley cropping in that trees alternate with crops. The difference is that, with alley cropping, the trees are in single row. With strip cropping, the trees or shrubs are planted in wide strip. The purpose can be, as with alley cropping, to provide nutrients, in leaf form, to the crop. With strip cropping, the trees can have a purely productive role, providing fruits, nuts, etc. while, at the same time, protecting nearby crops from soil erosion and harmful winds. Fauna-based systems Silvopasture over the years (Australia). There are situations where trees benefit fauna. The most common examples are the silvopasture where cattle, goats, or sheep browse on grasses grown under trees.[11] In hot climates, the animals are less stressed and put on weight faster when grazing in a cooler, shaded environment. Other variations have these animals directly eating the leaves of trees or shrubs. There are similar systems for other types of fauna. Deer and hogs gain when living and feeding in a forest ecosystem, especially when the tree forage suits their dietary needs. Another variation, aquaforestry, is where trees shade fish ponds. In many cases, the fish eat the leaves or fruit from the trees. Boundary systems A riparian buffer bordering a river in Iowa. The are a number of applications that fall under the heading of a boundary system. These include the living fences, the riparian buffer, and windbreaks. †¢A living fence can be a thick hedge or fencing wire strung on living trees. In addition to restricting the movement of people and animals, living fences offer habitat to insect-eating birds and, in the case of a boundary hedge, slow soil erosion. †¢Riparian buffers are strips of permanent vegetation located along or near active watercourses or in ditches where water runoff concentrates. The purpose is to keep nutrients and soil from contaminating surface water. †¢Windbreaks reduce the velocity of the winds over and around crops. This increases yields through reduced drying of the crop and/or by preventing the crop from toppling in strong wind gusts. Taungyas Taungya is a system originating in Burma. In the initial stages of an orchard or tree plantation, the trees are small and widely spaced. The free space between the newly planted trees can accommodate a seasonal crop. Instead of costly weeding, the underutilized area provides an additional output and income. More complex taungyas use the between-tree space for a series of crops. The crops become more shade resistant as the tree canopies grow and the amount of sunlight reaching the ground declines. If a plantation is thinned in the latter stages, this opens further the between-tree cropping opportunities. Physical support systems In the long history of agriculture, trellises are comparatively recent. Before this, grapes and other vine crops were raised atop pruned trees. Variations of the physical support theme depend upon the type of vine. The advantages come through greater in-field biodiversity. In many cases, the control of weeds, diseases, and insect pests are a primary motive. Agroforests These are widely found in the humid tropics and are referenced by different names (forest gardening, forest farming, tropical home gardens and, where short-statured trees or shrubs dominate, shrub gardens). Agroforests, in many ways, epitomize agroforestry. Through a complex, disarrayed mix of trees, shrubs, vines, and seasonal crops, these systems, through their high levels of biodiversity, achieve the ecological dynamics of a forest ecosystem. Because of the internal ecology, they tend to be less susceptible to harmful insects, plant diseases, drought, and wind damage. Although they can be high yielding, complex systems tend to produce a large number of outputs. These are not utilized when a large volume of a single crop or output is required.

Hubris - Oedipus essays

Hubris - Oedipus essays Oedipus like some other well-known Greek heroes was guilty of equating temporal success with godliness. Thus despite the prophecy of Apollo, Oedipus pushed himself into the very fate that was pre-ordained for him, while he was deliberately ignoring the negative tidings. He did not heed the prophecy believing that no one and nothing could destroy him, yet he himself brought destruction upon himself by his ruthless means and his arrogance. This excessive pride and arrogance is known as hubris and this was the tragic flaw of Oedipus that led to his downfall. It is because of this that Oedipus becomes spiritual blind and later becomes the cause of his physical blindness as well. Physical blindness was an indication of the destruction that his hubris had wrought. Spiritual blindness was indicated by his consistent rejection of Apollos prophecy. When Choragos asks Oedipus, "What god was it drove you to rake black Night across your eyes?" He replies in extreme state of agitation and anguish : He brought my sick, sick fate upon me. When all my sight was horror everywhere? Hubris thus becomes the greatest obstacle to deliberation- to the ability to reflect, think, ponder and react in moderation. The corresponding virtue for this vice was moderation. However Oedipus was blinded by his own success and thus became extremely arrogant; thereby causing his own destruction and downfall. He becomes the cause of his fathers death, sleeps with his mother and has children with her. This had all been predicted by Apollo but Oedipus was so blinded by arrogance and over confidence that he could discern what was happening. He couldnt see that Apollos predictions were coming true and thus began the hunt for his fathers killer- cursing him all along while the readers knew that he was in fact cursing himself. ...

Correctional theory and policy Essays

Correctional theory and policy Essays Correctional theory and policy Essay Correctional theory and policy Essay in his survey of this plan, found that the consequence on cut downing recidivism worked for the first twelvemonth. However, the consequence seemed to vanish after two old ages ( Martinson, 1974, p. 33 ) . Does sentence length makes a difference in recidivism rates? It has been found that its consequence varies harmonizing to the type of wrongdoer. For illustration, Gerrity ( 1956 ) divided his wrongdoers into three classs – prosocial , anti-social , and manipulative ( Martinson, 1974, p. 37 ) . His findings with the prosocial wrongdoers was low recidivism rates which was non dependent on sentence length. The antisocial wrongdoer appeared to make better with shorter sentences while the manipulative wrongdoer did better with longer sentences ( Martinson, 1974, p. 37 ) . Psychotherapy in community scenes may work but minimum grounds exists to find true decrease in recidivism rates ( Martinson, 1974, p. 40 ) . OBrien ( 1961 ) in his survey of a community based plan found that they produce small betterment ( Martinson, 1974, p. 40 ) . When comparing probation/parole versus prison, Wilkins ( 1958 ) found that the usage of probation did non increase recidivism rates significantly ( Martinson, 1974, p. 41 ) . Another survey conducted by the State of Michigan ( 1963 ) demonstrated the increased usage of probation led to improved recidivism rates ( Martinson, 1974, p. 42 ) . Yet, Babst and Shoham suggested a pessimistic decision when it concerns the bounds of intervention plans due to the features of wrongdoers such as age, type of discourtesy, and if they are a first clip wrongdoer. Some will make good while others do non ( Martinson, 1974, p. 42 ) . Johnson ( 1926 ) found that intensive supervising does non supply the rehabilitative benefits it claims ( Martinson, 1974, p. 46 ) . Martinson concludes his article with the position that there may be something that works or even working now but we have non discovered as yet that may discourage instead than remedy and reform a convicted wrongdoer every bit good as prevent offense ( Martinson, 1974, p. 50 ) . He believes that a better agencies of societal control may be possible ( Martinson, 1974, p. 50 ) . Challenge THE NOTHING WORKS VIEWPOINT Ted Palmer did non hold with Martinson s decision of nothing works . At the clip of Martinson s survey, meta-analysis was non available. He reviewed Martinson s readings of what the surveies really found ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 154-155 ) . Palmer noted that Martinson had cited 82 surveies that included recidivism informations and found that 39 of the surveies could be categorized as decreased recidivism ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 155 ) He farther reported that there was sufficient grounds that half the clip the intervention worked ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 156 ) . Palmer felt that if true, so one should look at what was different from those that were non successful and believe that rehabilitation is patterned and non random ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 156 ) . In the 1990s, a meta-analysis was done on available surveies which evaluates surveies and uses statistics to find the relationship between the intervention intercession and the steps of recidivism. It can be zero , positive or negative Zero meant no consequence on recidivism. Positive meant it increases recidivism. Negative meant it reduced recidivism. This relationship is known as the consequence size ( Cullen and Jonson,2012, p. 160 ) . The meta-analysis found that the overall consequence of rehabilitative plans is +.10 which means that the recidivism rate for control groups were approximately 10 % higher than the intervention group. This clearly contradicts Martinson s findings ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 162 ) . The research showed that Martinson s decision was really a anticipation of homogeneousness of consequence sizes. The meta-analysis suggested that the effects of intervention plans are really heterogenous. It further shows that some plans had no consequence. Yet, other types of plans did the antonym. They demonstrated consequence sizes of +.25 or higher which means the recidivism rates for intervention groups would be 37.5 % where control groups would hold 62.5 % . The Canadian bookmans who conducted the meta-analysis developed three chief rules of effectual intercession that if followed by the plans would ensue in a meaningful decrease in recidivism ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 162 ) . The consequence of meta-analysis on Martinson s nothing works philosophy gave rehabilitation protagonists qualitative grounds that intervention plans do cut down recidivism and that some plans are effectual ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 163-164 ) . Principles OF EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION Harmonizing to Cullen and Jonson ( 2012 ) , a better and more systematic attack is to implement plans based on the rules of effectual intervention . Empirical grounds has shown that it is the most powerful through empirical observation justified intervention paradigm available ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 165 ) . The rules of effectual intercession are ( 1 ) intercession should aim known forecasters of offense and recidivism. This is known as the needs rule. There are two forecasters that categorizes an wrongdoer as at hazard for offense. The first is inactive. These represent the wrongdoer s condemnable history and can non be changed. The 2nd forecasters are known as dynamic. These include antisocial attitudes and values which can be changed ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 166-167 ; Andrews and Bonta, 2010, p. 47 ) ; ( 2 ) intercession requires that intervention services be based on cognitive behavioural intercession. This rule is besides known as the responsivity rule ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 167-168 ; Andrews and Bonta, 2010, p. 48 ) . Harmonizing to Andrews ( 1995 ) , intercessions must include cognitive behavioural and societal larning techniques of mold, graduated pattern, function playing, support, extinction, resource proviso, concrete verbal suggestions ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 168 ) . The support must be positive and services intense. If the intercessions used do non turn to the factors, it will non be effectual ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, 168 ) ; ( 3 ) intercession is the usage of intercession interventions that address the dynamic hazard factors of high hazard wrongdoers ( Andrews and Bonta, 2010, p. 49-50 ) . Cullen and Johnson ( 2012 ) suggest that high hazard wrongdoers can alter and hold demonstrated that intervention services provided a major nest eggs and recidivism ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 168 ) . It was further noted that successful appraisal of high hazard wrongdoers is possible when the trust of clinical judgements of couns ellors are non used ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 168 ) . Clinical judgements are similar to insider cognition ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 168 ) ; and ( 4 ) intercession is that we must take into consideration other factors and reference these to obtain an addition in intervention effectivity and run intoing the wrongdoer s demands ( Andrews and Bonta, 2010, pp. 50-52 ) For this, it is indispensable to carry on intercessions within the community, guarantee good trained staff are interpersonally positive, are monitored and cognize how to present the intervention service ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 169 ) . Follow-up on wrongdoers should be done after completion of intervention plan and supply aftercare when needed. Specific responsivity is indispensable as the intervention should be carried out and matched to the wrongdoers larning manner for it to be effectual. One illustration given by Cullen and Jonson ( 2012 ) , wherein all wrongdoers with a low IQ may non react good to verbal intercessions but respond better to intercessions that provide touchable reinforcing stimuluss and insistent behavioral dry run and determining skills ( p. 169 ) . RESTORATIVE JUSTICE The function of renewing justness ( RJ ) is to enforce some signifier of penalty while integrating efforts to rehabilitate the wrongdoer every bit good as conveying damages to the victim by the wrongdoer. RJ has three cardinal rules: 1 ) offense is harmful to the community, the victims every bit good as to the wrongdoer ; 2 ) its end should be to change by reversal the injury caused by the condemnable act ; and 3 ) this is accomplished through sentencing and correctional plans that are geared to reconstruct the victims, the community and the wrongdoer to the original province before the offense ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 129-130 ) . There are two attacks to RJ. The first is the victim becomes cardinal to the condemning process ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 130 ) . With this attack, the province serves more as an supreme authority instead than an adversary and allows victims the chance to voice their feelings and present their involvements in the affair ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 130 ) . The 2nd attack is the reintegration of the wrongdoer into the community and to dishonor the act instead than stigmatise the individual for the remainder of his or her life ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 130 ) . If the wrongdoer is non successfully reintegrated into the community, farther offense will be committed. It is common that a victim-offender conference is held with the end to let the wrongdoer to demo compunction and come to some type of damages that is acceptable to both the victim and the wrongdoer. Cullen and his co-workers believe RJ is an appealing theory for three grounds. The first is that it seems to profit all parties as it lessens the injury to all. Second, it is supported by both progressives and conservativists as they argue that the correctional system pays excessively much attending on the wrongdoer while pretermiting the victim. The 3rd ground is the pickings of duty and answerability for his actions with a societal exchange with the victim ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp.132-133 ) . There may be factors that may do RJ non to successfully make its intended end such as the justness job, the prison job, and the criminological job ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 137 ) . There are many theories of corrections stressing penalty. It is more focussed on acquiring justness. With RJ, the wrongdoer can apologize but may neglect to truly reconstruct the victim. In this sense, RJ does non supply justness but transforms into an injustice for the victim ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 137 ) . The 2nd issue is that RJ can be implemented while in prison where they may hold the conferences and the wrongdoer may take to pay monies from his prison net incomes but the end is to take wrongdoers from the condemnable justness plan so that justness can be achieved in the community ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 137 ) . The concluding issue for RJ is the criminological job. The issue stems from whether the behaviour of the wrongdoer can be changed and of the wish to alter and reconstruct the victim. RJ has been shown through research to cut down recidivism to the extent as human service intercession. However, it does non cut down recidivism every bit good every bit rehabilitate as RJ is based on a theory of offense ; it does non aim alteration of known forecasters of recidivism, its intercessions is excessively weak to alter serious wrongdoers and ignores the rules of effectual correctional intercession ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp 134-139 ) . Early Intervention Early intercession is indispensable as it is effectual in cut downing offense and costs ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 202 ) . There is much to be learned from the life rhythm of a kid as it develops.. Surveies have shown that kids develop condemnable inclinations early on childhood such as aggression ( hit, bite, kick, and jostle one another ) . Yet, they are non seen as felons and are easy ignored ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 170-171 ) . Terri Moffit ( 1993 ) developed a developmental theory of antisocial behaviour which was consistent with traditional criminology. She found that striplings normally commit offenses during their teenage old ages. However, she farther indicated that the roots of chronic offending begins in early childhood ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 175-177 ) . Moffit s theory was of import because it legitimized two positions about offenses. The first is that chronic piquing Begins in early childhood. The 2nd is that continuity is the trademark of the little group of life-course relentless antisocial individuals whereas the group does non alter across the life class ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 176 ) . Moffit s theory demonstrates that early antisocial behaviour is a strong marauder of delinquency ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 176 ) . Harmonizing to Robins, adult societal behaviour requires childhood and societal behaviour. There are some cautions which must be kept in head such as the fact that holding behavior jobs during early childhood does non intend that it will take to a life of offense. If stableness in behaviour is invariably in problem kids will most probably be troubled teens. Antisocial grownups who are imprisoned normally have their roots in early childhood ( Cullen and Jonson p 177 ) . Therefore, childhood criminology provides the rational decision that early intercession is necessary. Longitudinal surveies are the lone manner to capture how and when condemnable callings unfold ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, p. 177 ) . By supplying early intercession, it can cut down the possible costs and may even forestall the continuity of life-course relentless wrongdoers. Longitudinal surveies are dearly-won and span over a period of old ages but the information obtained brings forth new findings that allow the corr ectional system to concentrate on early intercession much Oklahoman and create age based plans from pre-school to household therapy, It is cost effectual and has strong public support ( Cullen and Jonson, 2012, pp. 177-202 ) . PUBLIC OPINION AND REHABILITATION Harmonizing to Cullen, Vose, Lero-Jonson, and Unnever ( 2007 ) , study research has shown that the public supports a social public assistance rehabilitative attack to crime ( p. 109 ) . Opinion polls have besides revealed that the bulk of Americans support policies such as capital penalty, three work stoppages Torahs and harsher condemnable tribunals ( Cullen, et Al, 2007, p. 110 ) . However, there is still ideological infinite for reformatory scheduling such as early intercession ( Cullen, et Al, 2007, p. 111 ) . In another canvass, utilizing a Likert graduated table, research workers asked the respondents to province what should be the prison s focal point. The response picks were rehabilitative , punishment , or protect society . In a forced pick response set, the surveies have been consistent in uncovering that from a one-fourth to half of the respondents selected rehabilitation as their preferable end attack ( Cullen, et Al, 2007, p. 112 ) . The United States is non merely a sci entific state but besides a state that values societal public assistance ( Cullen, et Al, 2007, p. 120 ) . After reappraisal of the research it is evident that the public strongly supports early intercession. Decision Through the research and qualitative grounds provided, it has been demonstrated that rehabilitation and early intercession plants. It is besides strongly supported by the populace. There is still much to be learned. However, through new research new and improved plans can be created to increase the success of rehabilitation and the decrease of recidivism. After reexamining Martinson s nothing works philosophy and the findings of Ted Palmer and the Canadian bookmans meta-analysis, it is clear that intervention plans cut down recidivism if done right and evaluated through meta-analysis from clip to clip to mensurate the continuity of its effectivity. Mentions Martinson, R. 1974. What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform. The Public Interest35 ( Spring ) :22-54. Andrews, D. A. , and J. Bonta. 2010.The Psychology of Criminal Conduct.New Providence, NJ: Anderson.Chapter 2, pp. 49-78, The Empirical Base of PCC and the RNR Model of Assessment and Crime Prevention Through Human Service. Cullen, F. T. and C. L. Jonson. 2012.Correctional Theory: Context and Consequences.Chapter 7. Rehabilitation: What Works to Change Offenders. Cullen, F. T. and C. L. Jonson. 2012.Correctional Theory: Context and Consequences. Chapter 8, Early Intervention: Salvaging Children From a Life in Crime, Cullen, F. T. B. A. Vose, C. L. Jonson, and J. D. Unnever. 2007. Public Support for Early Intervention: Is Child Salvaging a Habit of the Heart? Victims and Wrongdoers2 ( No. 2 ) :109-124. 1

Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing - Research Paper Example research facility that nurses can use in terms of looking at the on-going researches, understanding the research and implementing it into practice in the workplace. The research facility will also enable nurses to actively participate in the research process, for instance as sample participants for an on-going research. The results from such a research will benefit the nurses who participated and the others at the organization in implementing the findings of the research at the workplace. Therefore, Burns and Grove (2011) ideas on evidence-based research are important and can be successfully implemented in my workplace (Burns, N. & Grove, 2011). A source of nursing research is an aspect that requires proper understanding to help in improving nursing practice (Polit & Beck, 2004). This means that there are many sources of nursing research. Because issues or aspects that require proper understanding to help in improving nursing practice are many. They could range from science, personal derived understanding and experience. There are critical issues within the society that influence or act as a source of nursing research. These flow from individual to population based health issues which could include individual’s behavior, work and life, biological factors such as genetic disposition to health issues and social factors such as discrimination in the access of health care. A potential research study example from this source could be, â€Å"What is the contribution of nurses in caring for women who face domestic

GE Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

GE Energy - Essay Example Furthermore, the current students are free to select their subjects of specializations depending on individual’s capability, unlike some 10 decades ago when had no choice but to pursue the few offered courses . The traditional colleges specialized in specific subjects, for instance; there were the engineering, law, and medicine and art schools among others (Brian, 2007). However, the modern learning institutions offer both courses but at different departments. All these factors contribute to the adoption of specific careers. Academic researchers have proven that although career selection depends on individuals trainings or education, there are chances of one picking career not related to his/her areas of study. This is because we live in a dynamic world where some skills are not necessarily offered in classes but in the practicing fields. This work is about selection of my two favorite careers. It further explains some of the factors I considered before such selections and the like challenges. 1.1 Water Engineering career Water engineering is one of my favorite careers. A water engineer is required to design and supervise implementations of water related projects like ground water explorations, waster water treatment, water supply and water metering among other responsibilities. One has to perform well in the sciences like Physics, Chemistry and mathematics to get admissions in the engineering colleges or universities. Further aspiring water engineer I have been watching engineering documentaries from YouTube among other sources. I have always admired innovations certain peculiar skills to save my county, country and the world as a whole (Broodly, 2006). My passion to be a water engineer was further triggered after watching some families in the developing nations, more so children perishing or even dying out of hunger. I watched some Christian based non-governmental organizations strive to reduce such sufferings through initiating water projects like bor e hill drilling, construction of watersheds and rain and storm water harvesting among other projects. Since then, I kept reading engineering journals from the local and national libraries. I also used my smart phone to access some online materials touching on the engineering field. 1.2 Environmental consultant My second career choice is an environmental consultant. This implies providing consultancy services to companies, governmental agencies and private projects among other sectors. One requires to have attended environment management courses to qualify or undertake the career. An environmental consultant would conduct environmental impact assessment or audits to starting and ongoing projects respectively. Environment is a very important aspect in the economical development in the society since majority of raw materials in the modern industries depends on the sustainability of the environment. 2.0 Feasibility 2.1 Feasibility inWater engineering career One has to consider certain c urrent issues before the final decision with regard to career selection. Researchers lament that the majority of graduates end up selecting wrong career choices due to